A review of the therapeutic potential of the cysteinyl leukotriene antagonist Montelukast in the treatment of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome following lung and hematopoietic-stem cell transplantation and its possible mechanisms.

Lung and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation are therapeutic modalities in chronic pulmonary and hematological diseases, respectively. One of the complications in these patients is the development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS). The efficacy and safety of available treatment strategies in BOS remain a challenge. A few mechanisms have been recognized for BOS in lung transplant and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) patients involving the TH-1 and TH-2 cells, NF-kappa B, TGF-b, several cytokines and chemokines, and cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLT). Montelukast is a highly selective CysLT receptor antagonist that has been demonstrated to exert anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects in abundant experiments. One area of interest for the use of montelukast is lung transplants or GVHD-associated BOS. Herein, we briefly review data regarding the mechanisms involved in BOS development and montelukast administration as a treatment modality for BOS, and finally, the possible relationship between CysLTs antagonism and BOS improvement will be discussed.

A review of the therapeutic potential and possible mechanism of Montelukast in the treatment of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome following lung and hematopoietic stem cell transplantationLung and bone marrow transplantation are therapeutic modalities in chronic diseases of the lungs and the blood, respectively. One of the complications in these patients is the development of Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS). The efficacy and safety of available treatment strategies in BOS remain a challenge. A few mechanisms for BOS in lung transplant and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) patients involving many immune components have been recognized. Cysteinyl leukotrienes are products of plasma membrane phospholipids that increase smooth muscle contraction, microvascular permeability, and airway mucus secretion. Montelukast is a highly selective cysteinyl leukotriene receptor blocker demonstrated to exert anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects. One area of interest for the use of montelukast is in lung transplant- or GVHD-associated BOS. In this article, we briefly review data regarding the mechanisms involved in BOS development and montelukast administration as a treatment modality for BOS. Finally, the possible relationship between cysteinyl leukotriene inhibition and BOS improvement will be discussed.

The Risk of Neuropsychiatric Adverse Events With Use of Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists in Patients With Asthma: Analysis of Korea's National Health Insurance Sharing Service Database.

BACKGROUND: Montelukast, a selective leukotriene receptor antagonist, is a commonly prescribed allergy medication but its potential association with neuropsychiatric adverse events is concerning. OBJECTIVE: To analyze Korea's National Health Insurance System claims records to identify the risk of neuropsychiatric adverse events in patients with asthma treated with montelukast. METHODS: This retrospective population-based study analyzed the National Health Insurance claims records of the entire Korean population between 2008 and 2015. We compared the risk of neuropsychiatric adverse events among patients with asthma using inhaled corticosteroids and/or long-acting ß2-agonists with montelukast or pranlukast and those not using leukotriene receptor antagonists (control group). RESULTS: There was no increased risk of the composite outcome of all measured neuropsychiatric adverse events in patients with asthma who were prescribed montelukast or pranlukast compared with those who were not. However, montelukast use was associated with an increased risk of hallucinations (inverse probability treatment weighting hazard ratio, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.07-1.96) and attention problems (inverse probability treatment weighting hazard ratio, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.01-1.52). Significant negative hazards for disorientation, anxiety, stress reactions, and somatic symptoms were observed in the montelukast group. When grouped by sex, the risk of hallucinations and attention problems was higher in men prescribed montelukast compared with the controls. CONCLUSIONS: We did not observe an increase in all neuropsychiatric adverse events in the leukotriene receptor antagonist-treated group; however, an increased risk of hallucinations and attention problems was observed in those taking montelukast, regardless of the medication administration period.

Efficacy and safety of intravenous leukotriene receptor antagonists in acute asthma.

The incidence of bronchial asthma has increased substantially since recent decades in both children and adults. Moreover, the number of patients presenting with asthma exacerbation to the emergency department has also increased in several countries. Leukotrienes are inflammatory mediators that play an important role in bronchial asthma exacerbation. Leukotriene receptor antagonists reduce asthma exacerbation in chronic asthma; moreover, the current guidelines for asthma management recommend the use of oral leukotriene receptor antagonists for asthma control and reduce further exacerbation. However, data on the use of intravenous leukotriene receptor antagonists during acute asthma exacerbation are scarce. Nevertheless, currently available data revealed a trend of significant improvement of acute asthma and rapid reversal of airflow obstruction when administered during an acute asthma attack. This review aims to summarize currently available data on the use of intravenous leukotriene receptor antagonists in adult patients with acute asthma exacerbation.

Psychiatric Adverse Effects of Montelukast-A Nationwide Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Recent observational studies suggest that the leukotriene receptor antagonist montelukast may have neuropsychiatric adverse effects; however, results are conflicting. OBJECTIVE: To assess whether montelukast exposure in adults with asthma is associated with onset of neuropsychiatric adverse events using data from the Danish nationwide health registers. METHODS: Individuals 18 years old or older with either 1 or more prescription redemption of inhaled corticosteroids or with at least 1 hospital contact with asthma as the main diagnosis between January 1, 2011, and December 31, 2018, were included. Montelukast exposure was assessed as a time-dependent variable. The 2 outcomes of interest were use of neuropsychiatric medicine including antidepressants, antipsychotics, anxiolytics, lithium, and medication used for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (outcome 1), and hospital contacts with a neuropsychiatric diagnosis (outcome 2), within 90 days of exposure to montelukast. RESULTS: Initiation of montelukast was significantly associated with outcome 1: use of neuropsychiatric medicine (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval]) 1.14 [1.08-1.20]; P < .0001). In the assessment of outcome 2: hospital contacts with a neuropsychiatric diagnosis, a significant risk associated with montelukast initiation was found only in the youngest age groups (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval] 1.28 [1.12-1.47], P < .001 and 1.16 [1.02-1.31]; P < .05, for age group 18-29 y and 30-44 y, respectively). Age-stratified analyses showed that the risk of both outcomes increased with decreasing age, with the highest risk seen in patients aged 18 to 29 years. CONCLUSIONS: Among younger individuals, montelukast use was significantly associated with an increased risk of neuropsychiatric events such as use of neuropsychiatric medicine and hospital treatment. Clinicians should increase awareness of such adverse effects when prescribing montelukast.

Adverse drug reactions affecting treatment adherence in first-line treatment of asthma: An observational study.

BACKGROUND: Asthma is the most common chronic lung disease among children. International guidelines recommend inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) as the first-line daily controller therapy for children with asthma and leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRA) as the second alternative therapy. Adherence to treatment is the most significant component to optimize the benefits of therapy in asthma. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the frequency of drug discontinuation due to adverse drug reactions (ADRs) that affect adherence to treatment in children with asthma or asthma and allergic rhinitis using LTRA or ICS as monotherapy. METHODS: The subjects aged 4-18 years with asthma or asthma and allergic rhinitis and using montelukast or ICS as monotherapy were included in the study. They were evaluated in terms of ADRs affecting adherence to treatment in the first and third months of treatment. RESULTS: A total of 468 cases, 356 of whom received montelukast monotherapy and 112 of whom received ICS treatment, with a mean age of 9.10 ± 3.08 (4-17) years, were included in the study. Males constituted 65.6% of the total cases (n = 307). In the first month of follow-up of the cases, it was observed that 4.8% (n = 17) of the patients in the montelukast group could not continue the treatment due to ADR. It was determined that the drug discontinuation rate in the montelukast group in the first month was significantly higher than in the ICS group (P = 0.016), and the risk of drug discontinuation due to ADR in the montelukast group was 1.333 (95% CI, 1.26-1.40) times higher. CONCLUSIONS: As a result, it was observed that the drug was discontinued due to ADR at a higher rate in children with asthma who received montelukast monotherapy compared to those who received ICS monotherapy.

Adverse drug reactions affecting treatment adherence in first-line treatment of asthma: An observational study

Background: Asthma is the most common chronic lung disease among children. International guidelines recommend inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) as the first-line daily controller therapy for children with asthma and leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRA) as the second alternative therapy. Adherence to treatment is the most significant component to optimize the benefits of therapy in asthma. Objective: This study aims to investigate the frequency of drug discontinuation due to adverse drug reactions (ADRs) that affect adherence to treatment in children with asthma or asthma and allergic rhinitis using LTRA or ICS as monotherapy. Methods: The subjects aged 4–18 years with asthma or asthma and allergic rhinitis and using montelukast or ICS as monotherapy were included in the study. They were evaluated in terms of ADRs affecting adherence to treatment in the first and third months of treatment. Results: A total of 468 cases, 356 of whom received montelukast monotherapy and 112 of whom received ICS treatment, with a mean age of 9.10 ± 3.08 (4–17) years, were included in the study. Males constituted 65.6% of the total cases (n = 307). In the first month of follow-up of the cases, it was observed that 4.8% (n = 17) of the patients in the montelukast group could not continue the treatment due to ADR. It was determined that the drug discontinuation rate in the montelukast group in the first month was significantly higher than in the ICS group (P = 0.016), and the risk of drug discontinuation due to ADR in the montelukast group was 1.333 (95% CI, 1.26–1.40) times higher. Conclusions: As a result, it was observed that the drug was discontinued due to ADR at a higher rate in children with asthma who received montelukast monotherapy compared to those who received ICS monotherapy (AU)

Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists and Risk of Neuropsychiatric Entities: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.

BACKGROUND: Leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRAs) are commonly prescribed to patients with allergic diseases. Several case reports and pharmacovigilance studies have indicated that LTRAs might increase the risk of neuropsychiatric (NP) entities. However, the results are mixed in observational studies. Thus, the association between LTRAs and NP entities remains controversial. OBJECTIVE: To quantitatively evaluate the NP risk with LTRAs based on current observational studies to provide a reference for clinical practice. METHODS: We systematically reviewed the literature in Medline, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and PsycINFO. A meta-analysis of observational studies that investigated the association between LTRA use and the risk of NP entities was performed. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to measure the effect; heterogeneity was evaluated using I-squared (I2) statistics. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess bias. RESULTS: Eleven articles were included in the primary analysis. No significant association was found between LTRA use and NP entities (OR: 1.08, 95% CI: 0.93-1.24, I2 = 93.7%). In patients with allergic rhinitis (AR), a mildly increased NP risk was found (OR: 1.099, 95% CI: 1.004-1.202). The association between LTRA use and NP entities was not significant in patients with asthma (OR: 1.06, 95% CI: 0.90-1.26). LTRAs increased the risk of NP entities in a single study using data from an asthma clinic (OR: 9.00, 95% CI: 1.20-69.50), but not in studies from databases (OR: 1.07, 95% CI: 0.93-1.23). CONCLUSION: At the population level, LTRAs and NP entities were unrelated. However, the association may exist in particular groups (eg, patients with AR or NP history). Subject-specific studies are required to further examine the relationship between LTRAs and NP entities and identify the underlying mechanisms.

The mechanisms underlying montelukast's neuropsychiatric effects - new insights from a combined metabolic and multiomics approach.

AIMS: Montelukast (MTK) is an antagonist of the cysteinyl leukotrienes receptor 1 widely used to manage asthma symptoms among adults and children. However, it has been associated with an increasing number of neuropsychiatric adverse drug reactions (ADRs), particularly among children, including depression, sleep disturbance, and suicidal ideation. The aims of this work were to characterize MTK metabolism in vitro and in vivo and to identify its effects at the metabolome and proteome levels in order to explain its toxicity. MAIN METHODS: An extensive study of montelukast metabolism was carried out using in vitro systems, an embryonic neuron-enriched cell model, and a mouse model. Metabolites were identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry, and a combined mass spectrometry-based metabolomics and proteomics approach was employed to assess the effect of MTK on mice and isolated chicken neurons. KEY FINDINGS: Eighteen new MTK metabolites were identified. MTK's ability to react with glutathione was confirmed. The multi-omics approach employed confirmed that montelukast interferes with the glutathione detoxification system in the brain. Moreover, montelukast is also able to dysregulate various neurotransmitter and neurosteroid pathways, particularly those involved in regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, also interfering with mitochondrial function in neuronal cells. SIGNIFICANCE: Results clearly indicate that montelukast therapeutic effects are accompanied by a strong modulation of specific processes in the central nervous system that may explain the observed neuropsychiatric reactions. Moreover, the results also suggest that adverse drug reactions are more likely to occur in children, due to the early maturation stage of their brains.

The safety of pranlukast and montelukast during the first trimester of pregnancy: A prospective, two-centered cohort study in Japan.

For leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRAs), especially pranlukast, safety data during pregnancy is limited. Therefore, we conducted a prospective, two-centered cohort study using data from teratogen information services in Japan to clarify the effects of LTRA exposure during pregnancy on maternal and fetal outcomes. Pregnant women who being counseled on drug use during pregnancy at two facilities were enrolled. The primary outcome of this study was major congenital anomalies. The incidence of major congenital anomalies in women exposed to montelukast or pranlukast during the first trimester of pregnancy was compared with that of controls. Logistic regression analysis was performed to analyze the effects of maternal LTRA use during the first trimester of pregnancy on major congenital anomalies. The outcomes of 231 pregnant women exposed to LTRAs (montelukast n = 122; pranlukast n = 106; both n = 3) and 212 live births were compared with those of controls. The rate of major congenital anomalies in the LTRA group was 1.9%. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that LTRA exposure was not a risk factor for major congenital anomalies (adjusted odds ratio, 0.78; 95% confidence interval, 0.23-2.05; p = 0.653). In addition, no significant difference was detected in stillbirth, spontaneous abortion, preterm birth, and low birth weight between the two groups. The present study revealed that montelukast and pranlukast were not associated with the risk of major congenital anomalies. Our findings suggest that LTRAs could be safely employed for asthma therapy during pregnancy.

Leukotriene receptor antagonists and risk of neuropsychiatric events in children, adolescents and young adults: a self-controlled case series.

BACKGROUND: Leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRAs) are widely used for asthma and allergic rhinitis (AR), but concerns about the risk of neuropsychiatric events (NPEs) have been raised since the first Drug Safety Communication by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2008. This study evaluates the association between LTRA use and NPEs in children, adolescents and young adults with asthma or AR. METHODS: A self-controlled case series study was conducted using the Korean National Health Insurance Service claims database from two 3-year observation periods (observation period 1 (Obs1): 2005-2007; observation period 2 (Obs2): 2016-2018). Asthma or AR patients aged 3-30 years who were prescribed LTRAs and diagnosed with NPEs were included. The incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for the exposed period and risk periods (1-3, 4-7, 8-14, 15-30, 31-90 and >90 days from initiation of LTRA) compared with unexposed periods were calculated using conditional Poisson regression. Subgroup analysis according to age group, type of NPEs and indication of LTRA was performed. RESULTS: Among 17 001 included patients, the risk of NPEs increased in Obs2 (IRR 1.11, 95% CI 1.00-1.22), but did not increase in Obs1. Risk was increased during risk periods 4-7 days (IRR 2.36, 95% CI 1.99-2.76) and 8-14 days (IRR 1.78, 95% CI 1.46-2.15) after initiation of LTRA, particularly in adolescents (IRR 1.28, 95% CI 1.05-1.55) and young adults (IRR 1.14, 95% CI 1.02-1.28), while risk was decreased in children (3-11 years). Risk was not increased for any single type of NPE. AR patients were at increased risk (IRR 1.19, 95% CI 1.01-1.39), but not those with asthma. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, risk of NPEs with LTRA use differed between risk periods and subgroups. Physicians should prescribe LTRAs according to indications and inform patients about possible NPEs.

Adverse drug reactions of leukotriene receptor antagonists in children with asthma: a systematic review.

Background: Asthma is the most common chronic condition of childhood. Leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRAs) are included in international guidelines for children and young people (CYP), but there have been highly publicised concerns about potential adverse effects. The aim was to identify and understand the reported frequency of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) attributed to LTRAs in CYP with asthma. Methods: Embase, MEDLINE, PubMed and CINAHL were searched up to October 2020. Reference lists of eligible papers were manually screened. Eligible studies identified adverse events attributed to an LTRA in individuals aged between 0 and 18 years diagnosed with asthma. Four different tools were used to assess risk of bias or quality of data to accommodate the papers assessed. Results: The search identified 427 papers after deduplication; 15 were included (7 case reports, 7 case-controlled or cohort studies and 1 randomised control trial (RCT)). 7012 patients were recorded, of which 6853 received an LTRA. 13 papers examined the ADRs attributed to montelukast, one to pranlukast and one to unspecified LTRAs. After language standardisation, 48 ADRs were found, 20 of which were psychiatric disorders. Across all studies, the most commonly reported ADRs were 'anxiety', 'sleep disorders' and 'mood disorders'. The frequency of ADRs could be calculated in seven of the eight studies. Applying standardised frequency terms to the prospective studies and RCT, there were 14 'common' and 'uncommon' ADRs. 'Common' ADRs included 'agitation/hyperactivity/irritability/nervousness', 'aggression' and 'headache'. The case reports showed a similar pattern, describing 46 different ADRs experienced by a total of eight patients. Conclusions: LTRAs have a wide range of suspected ADRs in CYP, predominantly gastrointestinal and neuropsychiatric disorders. Careful monitoring of CYP with asthma is required, both to assess and manage ADRs and to step treatment down when clinically stable. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020209627.

Reacciones adversas a montelukast: de la teoría a la práctica. Serie de casos / Adverse drug reactions of montelukast: from theory to practice. Case report

El montelukast se utiliza ampliamente en el tratamiento de sibilancias recurrentes y/o asma. Están descritas numerosas reacciones adversas medicamentosas (RAM) en niños relacionadas con montelukast; se destacan las neuropsiquiátricas. Realizamos un estudio observacional, retrospectivo, descriptivo, sobre RAM relacionadas con montelukast. Entre enero de 2012 y diciembre de 2017, en la Unidad de Neumonología Pediátrica se trataron con Montelukast 348 pacientes; de ellos, 20 presentaron RAM. Los síntomas más frecuentes fueron insomnio (n = 7), hiperactividad (n = 4), pesadillas (n = 3), dolor abdominal (n = 2) y parestesias en extremidades (n = 2). Se presentaron desde días hasta meses tras iniciar el tratamiento, y desaparecieron tras su suspensión. Se destacan dos pacientes con parestesias en extremidades, síntoma no descrito antes en niños. El 5,7 % de los pacientes tratados con montelukast presentaron RAM que requirieron suspender el tratamiento. Los trastornos del sueño fueron los más frecuentes.

Montelukast is widely used in recurrent wheezing and/or asthma treatment. Several adverse drug reactions (ADRs) have been described in children related to montelukast. Neuropsychiatric reactions are one of the most important. We designed an observational, retrospective, descriptive study on ADRs related to montelukast in the Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain. Between January 2012 and December 2017, in the Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, 348 patients were treated with Montelukast; of them, 20 presented RAM. The main symptoms described were insomnia (n = 7), hyperactivity (n = 4), nightmares (n = 3), abdominal pain (n = 2) and paraesthesia in extremities (n = 2). They appeared from the first days to months after the start of treatment and disappeared after stopping it. Two patients presented limb paresthesia, not described previously in children. The 5.7 % of our patients treated with montelukast had ADRs that required treatment discontinuation. Sleep disorders were the most frequent.

Comparative study evaluating antihistamine versus leukotriene receptor antagonist as adjuvant therapy for rheumatoid arthritis.

PURPOSE: Investigating the efficacy and safety of rupatadine (RUP) versus montelukast (MON) as adjuvant therapy for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: From December 2018 to December 2019, 75 patients with active RA were enrolled in this randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. The patients were randomized into three groups (n = 25 in each group); methotrexate (MTX) group which received MTX 15-25 mg/week plus placebo tablet once daily; MTX/RUP group which received MTX plus RUP 10 mg once daily; and MTX/MON group which received MTX plus MON 10 mg once daily. The treatment duration was 3 months. At baseline and 3 months after treatment, blood samples were collected for the biochemical analysis of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukins 8 and 17 (IL-8, IL-17), E-selectin, and clusterin (CLU) levels. Clinical and functional assessments using Disease Activity Score-CRP (DAS28-CRP) and Multidimensional Health Assessment Questionnaire (MDHAQ) were performed. RESULTS: Both RUP and MON produced clinical and functional improvements which were translated by significant improvements in DAS28-CRP score and MDHAQ. Rupatadine significantly reduced all measured parameters (P < 0.05) except for IL-17 and CLU. Montelukast significantly decreased all measured variables (P < 0.05) except for E-selectin. Interleukin-8 was positively correlated with IL-17 and CLU, while hs-CRP was positively correlated with E-selectin and body mass index (BMI). Both drugs were well tolerated; somnolence was the common side effect for RUP. No neuropsychiatric events were reported with MON. CONCLUSION: Rupatadine or montelukast may serve as a potential adjuvant therapy for patients with rheumatoid arthritis secondary to the preliminary evidence of efficacy and safety. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT03770923, December 10, 2018.

The leukotriene receptor antagonist montelukast in the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: A proof-of-concept, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with fat accumulation in the liver which can progress into non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). There is no specific treatment strategy for NASH. In this context, this study aimed at evaluating the efficacy and safety of montelukast in the treatment of patients with NASH. In this randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study, 52 overweight/obese patients with NASH were randomized into group 1 (n = 26) which received montelukast 10 mg tablets once daily and group 2 (n = 26) which received placebo tablets once daily for 12 weeks. The fibro-scan was used to assess liver stiffness as a primary outcome at baseline and 12 weeks post-treatment. Furthermore, patients were assessed for biochemical analysis of liver aminotransferases, metabolic parameters, TNF-α, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), liver fibrosis biomarkers including hyaluronic acid (HA) and transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-ß1). Beck depression inventory questionnaire was used to report depressive symptoms. Data were statistically analyzed by paired and unpaired student's t-test, and Chi-square test. A total number of 44 patients completed the study. The two groups were statistically similar at baseline. After treatment and as compared to baseline data and placebo, montelukast showed a statistically significant improvement in liver stiffness, liver enzymes, metabolic parameters (except LDL-C), TNF-α, 8-OHdG, and liver fibrosis biomarkers (HA and TGF-ß1). Furthermore, montelukast was well tolerated and didn't provoke depression. In this proof-of-concept study, treatment with montelukast may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis secondary to its efficacy and safety. Clinicaltrial.gov ID: NCT04080947.

Evaluation of efficiency and safety of combined montelukast sodium and budesonide in children with cough variant asthma: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Cough variant asthma (CVA) is classified as a distinct form of asthma. As the primary or only symptom, cough is the leading cause for the most prevalent chronic cough among kids. The American College of Clinical Pharmacy, British Thoracic Society, and Chinese guidelines established for diagnosing and treating chronic cough in kids recommend inhaled corticosteroids, combined with leukotriene receptor antagonists when necessary. METHODS: We will conduct a comprehensive search in major databases using keywords to find studies related to the analysis of montelukast sodium and budesonide for treating CVA in kids. Two reviewers will independently assess the quality of the selected research articles and perform data extraction. Next, we will use the RevMan software (version: 5.3) to conduct the statistical analysis of the present study. RESULTS: This study will assess the efficacy and safeness of using montelukast sodium and budesonide to treat kids with CVA by pooling the results of individual studies. CONCLUSION: Our findings will provide vigorous evidence to judge whether montelukast sodium and budesonide therapy is an efficient form of therapy for CVA patients. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethics approval is not needed for the present meta-analysis. OSF REGISTRATION NUMBER: May 17, 2021.osf.io/cuvjz (https://osf.io/cuvjz/).

Pilot Study of Peak Plasma Concentration After High-Dose Oral Montelukast in Children With Acute Asthma Exacerbations.

Acute asthma exacerbations are primarily due to airway inflammation and remain one of the most frequent reasons for childhood hospitalizations. Although systemic corticosteroids remain the mainstay of therapy because of their anti-inflammatory properties, not all inflammatory pathways are responsive to systemic corticosteroids, necessitating hospital admission for further management. Cysteinyl leukotrienes (LTs) are proinflammatory mediators that play an important role in systemic corticosteroids non-responsiveness. Montelukast is a potent LT-receptor antagonist, and an intravenous preparation caused rapid, sustained improvement of acute asthma exacerbations in adults. We hypothesized that a 30-mg dose of oral montelukast achieves peak plasma concentrations (Cmax ), comparable to the intravenous preparation (1700 ng/mL) and would be well tolerated in 15 children aged 5 to 12 years with acute asthma exacerbations. After administration of montelukast chewable tablets, blood samples were collected at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 120, 180, and 240 minutes. Plasma was separated and frozen at -80°C until analysis for montelukast concentration using liquid chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry. Median time to Cmax (tmax ) was 3.0 hours. Six participants (40%) achieved Cmax of 1700 ng/mL or higher. However, there was high interindividual variability in peak plasma concentration (median Cmax of 1378 ng/mL; range, 16-4895 ng/mL). No participant had side effects or adverse events. Plasma concentrations from this pilot study support the design of a weight-based dose-finding study aimed at selecting an optimal dose for future clinical trials to assess the efficacy of high-dose oral montelukast in children with moderate to severe asthma exacerbations.

The efficacy of a leukotriene receptor antagonist in the treatment of human rectal aberrant crypt foci: a nonrandomized, open-label, controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRAs) are broadly used for the management of allergic asthma and have recently been indicated to inhibit carcinogenesis and cancer cell growth. In colorectal cancer (CRC) chemoprevention studies, the occurrence of adenoma or CRC itself is generally set as the trial endpoint. Although the occurrence rate of CRC is the most confident endpoint, it is inappropriate for chemoprevention studies because CRC incidence rate is low in the general population and needed for long-term monitoring. Aberrant crypt foci (ACF), defined as lesions containing crypts that are larger in diameter and darker in methylene blue staining than normal crypts, are regarded to be a fine surrogate biomarker of CRC. Therefore, this prospective study was designed to explore the chemopreventive effect of LTRA on colonic ACF formation and the safety of the medicine in patients scheduled for a poly resection as a pilot trial leading the CRC chemoprevention trial. METHODS: This study is a nonrandomized, open-label, controlled trial in patients with colorectal ACF and polyps scheduled for a polypectomy. Participants meet the inclusion criteria will be recruited, and the number of ACF in the rectum will be counted at the baseline colonoscopic examination. Next, the participants will be assigned to the LTRA or no treatment group. Participants in the LTRA group will continue 10 mg of oral montelukast for 8 weeks, and those in the no treatment group will be observed without the administration of any additional drugs. At the end of the 8-week LTRA intervention period, a polypectomy will be conducted to evaluate the changes in the number of ACF, and cell proliferation in the normal colorectal epithelium will be analyzed. DISCUSSION: This will be the first study to investigate the effect of LTRAs on colorectal ACF formation in humans. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This trial has been registered in the University Hospital Medical Information Network (UMIN) Clinical Trials Registry as UMIN000029926 . Registered 10 November 2017.

The leukotriene receptor antagonist Montelukast can induce adverse skin reactions in asthmatic patients.

Montelukast the leukotriene receptor antagonist is an anti-inflammatory drug that causes bronchodilation and for this reason it is used to improve inflammatory states in asthma and allergic rhinitis. Montelukast is generally considered a safe drug with the occurrence of a few adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and anti-leucotrienes are usually well-tolerated by adults and young patients. Starting from these premises the purpose of this review is so give un up-to-date scenario about skin adverse reactions due to Montelukast administration. Only few cases were reported during last years, however interestingly some recent reports let us enlarging our ADR data about Montelukast. We decided to divide the paragraph into sections evaluating the following skin lesions: vasculitic lesions, rash, urticaria and angioedema. As described in the results, CSS were the most frequent cases reported, belonging to the Vasculitis category. We speculated several mechanisms leading to the spread of the skin reactions. Montelukast still remains a safe drug used for the treatment of severe and moderate asthma. However, for some reasons still in course of analysis, in rare cases patients could develop ADR. Among these, about half of the patients show skin signs as rash, vescicles, bullous skin, purpura, maculopapular cutis, erythematous exanthema, urticaria and angioedema. Most of these symptoms are a consequence of the onset of a vasculitis as CSS and allergic granulomatous angiitis. In many cases the onset of the reactions happen within the first months of intake. For this reason, the prescribing physicians should be alert for signs, symptoms and genetic predisposition of these skin diseases.